Essay --

The assault on Pearl Harbor in â€Å"1941, December 7† had been an extraordinary occasion for the individuals who had observers the assault and the individuals who were in the assault. Yet, the entire country had felt the trouble, outrage, and different sentiments that originated from the assault on Pearl Harbor. In the assault there had been key players that been essential to the assault either commanders or pilots from the Japanese side or from the U.S military. There had been notice signs that could have forestalled the astonishment of the U.S Navy troops yet many had either been past the point of no return or had been disregarded. Numerous lives had been taken that day from the two sides of the battle, from regular folks in Hawaii to Japanese, â€Å"2,403 individuals kicked the bucket, 183planes pulverized, and 8 boats harmed or destroyed† that was simply from the American side numerous other passed on from the Japanese side. The â€Å"†¦7 out of the 8 boats h ad been in ship row†¦Ã¢â‚¬  numerous individuals kicked the bucket on the boats. The boats that had been harmed or demolished are†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the USS West Virginia†¦USS Oklahoma†¦ the USS Arizona†¦USS California†¦ USS Maryland†¦USS Tennessee†¦USS Nevada†¦Ã¢â‚¬ and all aside from the USS California had been in war vessel column. The individuals that had endure the assault had recounted what it resembled during the assault in such detail that no one will overlook that day. They recounted to the story like it was yesterday, similar to they simply can from the assault on Pearl Harbor on December 7 1941. The alternate point of view of the assault could be viewed as a triumph or a lost relying upon the individual who was there and experienced it. That day would never be overlooked like the 9/11 assaults that occur on November 9, 2001 such huge numbers of feelings on that from the occasion that influenced such a large number of lives. Both of the assaults could be comparative and diverse here and there and could be see... ...urprised they were the point at which we came and left so quick. On December 7, 1941 it was a day for the Japanese to recall as a triumph and a day to be pleased. What would we be able to gain from the assault on Pearl Harbor and the 9/11 assault? There numerous things that is comparative and diverse in the two assaults and we can utilize these two occasions to help gain from our missteps later on. From both of the assaults we presently realize that something sudden could occur whenever quickly. In the Pearl Harbor assault there had been notice signs that could have forestalled the astonishment of the assault and the absolute number of death of regular people and individuals all together. Be that as it may, in the 9/11 assault the second that the planes have been taken the destiny of the individuals was nearly fixed. From these two occasions we discovered that the security of the country should be progressively arranged for what may occur later on.

Intolerance in Nigeria Essay

Conceptual This paper inspects the connection among religion and feasible turn of events, just as the job of Nigerian intelligent people in improving strict emergency in the nation. Religion, as an arrangement of confidence depends on faith in the presence of a specific God or divine beings, somewhat, impacts or contributes in creating and organizing the outflow of the limits inactive in human instinct for the advancement of the general public. All the components that made up the assets starting from human are communicated in their activities, conduct and day by day exercises, either in positive and useful ways, or in a negative and ruinous ways, particularly regarding their inborn capacity to create an incentive by utilizing other creation factors for financial development and advancement. Experimental outcomes acquired, utilizing illustrative investigation approach, show that religion assumes a significant job in molding the good and social qualities important for improvement. In light of these discoveries, a few proposals are offered which include: Re-look at instruction approaches in the light of its commitment to singular development and to achieve essential basic changes in the public eye, changes which are vital for the formation of a simply, tranquil, and amicable condition, henceforth instructors and different educated people must be a model of honorability, selfactualization and control, since sound character is at last more significant than scholarly splendor.. Watchwords: Religion, Economic development, Amelioration, Tolerance and Intellectuals. Presentation A religion can be extensively depicted as a lot of basic conviction and practices commonly held by a gathering of individuals. Oxford Learner Dictionary depicted religion as an arrangement of confidence that depends on faith in the presence of a specific God or divine beings. As per Oke, Oloruntimehin and Akinola (1996), it is commonly acknowledged by social researchers that people’s strict convictions and their social associations are firmly interrelated. They cited Emile, as noticed that religion is a social antiquity representing what a general public considers hallowed and the most holy thing to any general public is simply the general public. Taking into account this, religion gives a sorted out image of the universe and sets up a pretty much efficient connection among man and his environmental factors. Early financial specialists and different scientists have given little consideration to any connection among religion and monetary turn of events, rather it is viewed as something individual among man and his God. The early connection among religion and monetary was built up by Marx, who was of the assessment that the quality of an economy would impacted a religion or conviction. In any case, the like of Max Weber, a prominent humanist of mid twentieth century was of contra assessment. As indicated by him, the wellspring of the development of the western economy is religion, particularly the reconstruction of protestant and its convention around 40 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. furthermore, Alofun, G. O. O. effortlessness and good duty to work (Skousen, 2007). Weber Marx (1930), accept that free enterprise started from strict goals and not chronicled realism. In particular, the protestant transformation lessons changed the western culture, and prompted the ascent of free enterprise, which thusly prompted the development and advancement of their economy. Islam as a religion likewise assumed a positive job in the advancement of the Arab society and changed it to such a noteworthy degree, that it defeated its own debilitations as well as achieved a progressive change in the social orders that went under its impact (Charpra, 1998). Barro and McCleary (2003) recommended that higher paces of strict convictions invigorate development since they help to support the part of individual conduct that upgrades profitability. The higher number of chapel or mosque participation, for example, tends to discouraged development since it means a more noteworthy utilization of esources including area, structures and other capital, by the strict division. In any case, that concealment of development is tempered by the degree to which church or mosque participation prompts more prominent religion convictions, which thusly supports monetary development. In Nigeria, customary networks are basically strict. In these networks, religion is connection based on the grounds that it oversees the people’s ancestry or family connections; it administers the tenet of aggregate duty and structures the premise of the family, which thusly is the essential unit of social control. Surely, religion is so significant in the general public as a type of social control in view of people’s adherence to religion, regardless of whether conventional, Christian or Islam (Ikporukpo, 2001), which are the perceived religions in Nigeria, however the last two are progressively articulated. Christianity and Islam, particularly affect the day by day lives of Nigerians, and assumes a huge job in the socio-political and financial turn of events. As indicated by Nwite and Wilson (2010), places of worship in Nigeria has contributed monstrously to the monetary advancement of the nation through interest in various parts of the economy like land, capital market, shopping complex and schools. The pith of monetary and human advancement epitomized wellbeing, for which future is taken as a sensible measure; information, which is communicated as a mix of education rates and normal long periods of schoolings; and per capital pay (Lynn, 2001). Any exertion set forward towards the improvement of these deciding elements would add up to mixing the economy towards advancement. Given the previous, the paper proposes to fundamentally analyze/examinations: I. The commitment of religion to the training segment in Nigeria. ii. The job of religion in the advancement of wellbeing division in Nigeria. iii. The job of religion towards formation of openings for work in Nigeria. iv. The job of religion and Nigerian Intellectuals in socio-ethnic emergency in Nigeria. To this end, the paper is composed into five areas. Following this presentation is area II, which centers around theoretical issues. Area III talks about the job of religion on monetary advancement in Nigeria. Area IV investigations the job of religion on socio-ethnic emergency in Nigeria, while segment V sums up the discoveries and offer arrangement proposal. 41 Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Volume 3, December 2011 CONCEPTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT There are various originations of improvement. To start with, it could be seen as the advancement of the brain wherein case the humankind of man is not, at this point oppressed to nature, yet has risen above the bounds of nature to dynamically comprehend the entire of the world so as to have the option to create from it a domain which is generally appropriate for him. Moreso, monetary advancement implies supported and reasonable development per capita pay, joined by enhancement of creation, decrease in total destitution, and growing financial open doors for all residents (Lynn, 2003). The definition suggests a monetary development which can be kept up over a significant stretch of time. Moreso it requires broadening of financial exercises so the country can be creating assortment of merchandise and ventures, with the economy continuously advancing from essential, to optional and afterward to tertiary economy. This ought to have the option to make an extending open doors for individuals to settle on a decision of work and procure salary through which they can improve their lives and ready to take an interest in the public activity of the network. In particular, there ought to be decrease in the degree of total destitution in the nation. The origination of advancement likewise mean development with changes, which for the most part requests noteworthy auxiliary change inside a nation, and that incorporates the revamping and reorientation of the financial and social frameworks, radical plans in establishments and regulatory structures, just as reorientations in famous perspectives, customs and conviction (Ogunkola and Egwaikhide, 2001). In examining advancement, more than access to merchandise and ventures is in question. In that capacity, in estimating level of advancement, the Physical Quality of Life (PQL) is thought of, and it is equivalent weighting of a newborn child death rate, future, and fundamental proficiency. Anyway the United Nations Development’s adaptation of improvement estimation alludes to as Human Development Index (HDI) joins a salary measure. Every one of these components considered in estimating the degree of advancement of a country are subject of level of improvement of the wellbeing and instructive areas, where the eligious parts in Nigeria has contributed, as can be found in the Holy Scriptures. For example: Both religions in Nigeria, that is, Christianity and Islam perceive that the made universe is exposed to man for the improvement and satisfaction of his life (Quran 45:12-13, 14:32-34 and Genesis 1:26-28). All the more in this way, as opposed to the view that religion just accentuation confidence and not works, the Bible and Qur’an welcome men to work and ac tivity (Qur’an 13: 11, 2:275 and Exodus 20:9, Proverbs 16:3, 2. Thessalonians 3:10). All the components that made up the assets starting from human are communicated in their activities, conduct and day by day exercises, either in positive and useful ways, or in a negative and dangerous ways (Zainun, 2006), particularly regarding their natural capacity to create an incentive by utilizing other creation factors for financial development advancement. In doing advancement exercises, religion gives some code of standards and commitments which subject man to guidelines important for the advancement of the general public. 2 Religion and Economic Development: the Role of Nigerian Intellectuals Saheed, Zakaree S. what's more, Alofun, G. O. O. The Role of Religion in Nigerian Economic Development Religion has contributed a lot to improvement of human

Challenge Accepted

Challenge Accepted I recently saw a comic where a professor says This is not the type of assignment you can do the night before, to which a student proclaims Challenge accepted Oh, how true. When giving tours on campus (yes, I might give you a campus tour!), I sometimes get asked about the amount of work MIT students have. I usually respond that, while students certainly receive a hefty sum of homework, the main problem is time management. That is, no matter how much time is given for an assignment, it will inevitably be done in the twenty-four hours before its due. Procrastination, I must say, is endemic on campus. This semester, for the first time in my MIT career, I dropped a course. There were a variety of reasons for doing this, but, regardless, it left me with what should have been a schedule that other students would kill for. I took 48 credits, which, while considered a full course load (supposedly equivalent to 48 hours of work per week) is fewer courses than a good number of upperclassmen take (not because they need to, of course). I didnt have a single class before 1pm any day of the week. This left me more time to work on graduate applications, my UROP, being a news editor for The Tech, and, well, living. The old adage goes good grades, social life, sleep pick two, but I wanted all three. Long story short, as is always the case at MIT, your academic obligations seem to expand to fit the time allotted; I had a surprising number of late nights and amount of last-minute tooling this term. On the bright side, though, those obligations can also contract to fit the time left over after the inevitable procrastination. Case in point last week. I still had a four- to six-page research paper for 4.614 (Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures), and I knew from the previous three essays this term that it was highly susceptible to procrastination. (Professor Rabbat, I enjoyed the class, but four essays plus a final is too much.) However, I ended up squandering all my work time during the four-day Thanksgiving weekend doing a problem set for 1.00 (Intro to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving essentially Intro to Java) and it wasnt even that long. Then on Monday and Tuesday, I will pretend I was busy doing work for 21F.701 (Spanish I), even though that really amounted to maybe two hours of work. And while I had all of Wednesday past 4:30pm, by midnight that night, I still had a dismal two paragraphs of half-coherent content and an intro paragraph beginning with Lorem ipsum to make me think I had written more than I really did. Such is the typical progression of procrastination. I could claim I had seven hours of writers block, but in reality, the culprits were Wikipedia, Reddit (the lions share), that pesky thing called dinner, and probably Facebook. Surely, our forefathers and foremothers must have been more productive without the Internet to distract them at every turn. But, I knew how this would end, of course, because Id been down this road many times before. Drifting into a state of half-sleep around 1am, I set every alarm in my room to an arbitrary time between 2:30am and 3am. While not always effective, when I need to do something, I will wake up. So, at around 3am, after six snoozes on three different alarms, I reluctantly got up and made a cup of tea. (I bought a 100-pack of tea off Amazon in September for occasions like this; Im not really a fan of it because its not remotely sweet or minty enough to earn the supposed claim of Moroccan mint tea.) Then, I resigned myself to the work ahead while cursing myself for not doing it earlier (the post-procrastination blues). I must say, I was surprisingly alert. I dont know how much caffeine was in the tea, but I did not feel tired at all. If I wanted to go to sleep, I probably couldnt. With the shade up, I gradually saw, somewhat sadly, as the city woke up and sunlight appeared above the Boston skyline. This was a research paper, so there was sadly a significant amount of research involved. But, thank you, Google Books for not forcing me to wait until daylight to read the relevant text in most of the books I was interested in! Okay, Im making excuses again; research notwithstanding, it was only a four-page paper (plus two analytical drawings). If youre curious, it was an essay about Humayuns Tomb in Delhi; unfortunately, each time I found an ostensibly good source about the place, itd actually be a paragraph in a giant book about the Taj Mahal. I had to take a break around 9am (after six hours of wakefulness) to finish up some work for my UROP, which involves modeling two road networks in Singapore (I had a meeting with my UROP adviser at 10am). Around this time, I also called the Information Center (who organizes campus tours) to inform them that, unless they really needed me for the 11am morning tour, I would rather not give it in such a zombie-like state. As I knew they would (few people take campus tours in December and theres a second tour guide), they relieved from the duty and I breathed a sigh of relief. The 10am meeting with my UROP adviser was rather straightforward and brief, but, unable to resist the distraction, I watched the BBCs online, live feed of the announcements of the 2018 and 2022 World Cup hosts. FIFA was not doing me a favor by taking all of an hour to take two cards out of envelopes I had a Spanish quiz at 1pm as well, so I had to study for that some. Meanwhile, I still had my essay. But, okay, there was no way I was going to finish this on-time; I had not used my one unofficial extension for the term (really amazing, to be honest), so my TA permitted me an additional twenty-four hours to complete the assignment. But, I knew this was really just an additional nine hours, mostly in the middle of the night. Why, you ask? See, I had earmarked Thursday afternoon for working on the final 1.00 problem set (we got to work with a partner, and we both agreed to put the assignment off until the night before see, we all do it!). Despite being on Hour 12 of being awake, we managed to blaze through the problem set in record time. We were done in two hours. Still a Christmas miracle, though, I tell you. That left me just thirty minutes before I had to report to The Tech office for another night of news editing duties. I did my very best to multi-task splitting time between editing articles and working on my 4.614 essay but it wasnt working out too well. I cannot convey this to you clear enough: the Tech office is a very distracting environment. Others have tried to work there on issue night, but with Rockband in the next room, Ripsticks all over the office, and an editor-in-chief who likes to play Whip My Hair over the sound system because it annoys everyone, I could have gotten more work done sleeping. Despite the fact that that issue was fairly light, I had to stick around until 2am. Sigh. After forty-five minutes of break, I slogged back to my room in the biting cold and continued to work on my essay. At 3am, in commemoration of reaching the 24-hour mark, I had only my second cup of the not-so-Moroccan mint tea. I was fairly happy with my progress around 6am, so, unwilling to see another sunrise, I went to sleep after 27 consecutive hours awake. Believe it or not, I had to be up at 8:30am ahead of a 9am tour. I volunteered to take the tour a few weeks earlier thinking Id be finished with this paper well before Friday morning. And therein lies the recurring problem: foresight. Indeed, I thought I was close enough to finished with the essay to complete it in the two hours between the end of the tour and my target completion time of 12pm (when I needed to leave for the airport); in reality, I ended up leaving closer to 12:45pm. When I arrived at the airport check-in desk twenty minutes before my flight, the agent initially refused to give me the boarding pass, saying I was too late. I briefly argued with her (noting technical difficulties with their website and a previous call to the airline), and she eventually caved in: Alright, she said, Ill print it out for you, but theres no way youre going to make that flight. Thought myself, Challenge accepted I made it.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - 1034 Words

When reading through the book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, written by Frederick Douglass, the reoccurring theme is about a slave and his slave-owner. When going into research, I came to the conclusion that the book accurately describes the relationships between a slave owner and his slaves. It also accurately describes how families between slaves are treated and formed. Slaves were perceived as property by slave owners. Those people were merely an item that slave owners saw as trash that they could do whatever they wanted to them and it was â€Å"justified†. If a slave owner dies, the remaining slaves get divided among strangers or people in the family based on the slave owner’s will. Douglass explains a time when his previous master passed away. He described the other slaves being treated as livestock and nervous due to not knowing how they will be divided up despite who is a part of whose family. If the slave owner happened to have a wife that was pure from the slave owning life style, the slave might be lucky to get taught how to read or write if they were too young to work in the fields and forced to work in the house. When slaves were young, winters were very harsh to most children due to only being allowed one shirt for the whole year. Being a young slave, you were usually taken from your mother around twelve months when you no longer needed her. If the children were too young, they were usually given to a caregiver. Douglass was separated from hisShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

The Impacts of Oil Spills on Marine and Terrestrial...

Buy custom Impacts of Oil Spills on Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems essay In this paper am going to examine the factors contributing to oil spills, and their effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This addition of phytoplankton leads to depletion of oxygen levels in water, making it hard for survival of animal and plant population in the water. These oil spills do not only affect the marine system but also the chronic urban contamination and the economic loss. The oil spill has total effect on marine life despite the distance from the oil spill. The closer the oil spill is to the shoreline, the more damage it causes. The effects are also felt toward the offshore and the coastal environment. Oil spill is an accidental or†¦show more content†¦The intoxication damages the kidney and lowers the ability to produce red blood cells in polar bears. Whales are rarely affected by oil spills as they are always on migration. Baleen whales are the only whales affected as oil stick to the whales when they are filtering their feed. They take a large amount of water in order to select their catch. A dolphin is a smooth-skinned and hairless mammal. Therefore, there is less possibility of oil sticking to their skins. In this case, the dolphins are affected by the inhalation of oil vapor. The inhalation damages the dolphins’ airways and lungs. The other minor effect is the dolphins’ eyesight and unending stress. Manatees and dugong are found in areas with warm waters; also depend on a layer of blubber for insulation. Their effect by oil spills is similar to that of the dolphins. Oil spills damages the turtle airways when they surface on top of water contaminated by oil slick. Their feed is affected also affected by oil spills and thus poisons the turtles. The areas that the turtles nest in the beaches are sandy. Oil contamination on the nesting sites leads to contamination of the eggs inhibiting proper development. Fish, one of the largest populations in the marine life ingest oil through their gills. This ingestion often leads to enlargement of the liver and reproduction capacity. In the Gulf of Mexico, there is an alarming rate at which the fish are dying due to theShow MoreRelatedHuman Health Risks And Socio Economic Problems Associated With Petroleum Exploration And Production Activities Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages2.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES Petroleum E P Activities are characterized by all forms of environmental impacts at different levels of its operations ranging from exploration, development and production, transportation and distribution, marketing, decommissioning and rehabilitation. At the exploration phase, there are the disturbances of forest and ground surface from related activitiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Deep Sea Mining On Earth1236 Words   |  5 Pageshabitat on Earth and has become an environmental risk with the impacts of deep sea mining have been enormous and unavoidable because of the seabed habitat degradation around vast ocean areas, species extinctions, condensed habitat complexity have become slow and with the insertion of recovery, suspended sediment plume and toxic plume from the surface of ore dewatering, pelagic ecosystem impacts, undersea noise, and ore and oil spill in transport. When deep sea mining the primary problem is whenRead MoreThe Effects Of Soil Contamination On The Environment1144 Words   |  5 Pagesstorage for crude oils can become detrimental to the environment if not properly handled. Starting from marine spills, to leakage of underground storage tanks, these anthropogenic activities intoxicate soil and water bodies impacting both terrestrial and aquatic life. However, through a natural process called bioremediation, microbes are able to degrade toxic pollutants and even result in the complete restoration of contaminated sites. This paper will focus mainly on bioremediation of oil-contaminatedRead MoreKeystone Pipeline Xl Project : The Second Largest Oil Reserves1597 Words   |  7 Pageslargest oil reserves and is a major producer and exporter. This attribute comes with great demand for faster means to get the oil produced to different areas where it is needed. The Keystone Pipeline XL project is however one of such means, created to trans port oil from Alberta, Canada and the Bakken Shale Formation in the United States to Steele City, Nebraska for onward delivery to Cushing, Oklahoma, and refineries in the Gulf Coast area. The United States is the world’s top crude oil consumerRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. Ask yourself another question: would you live in these waters? You see what you know as acid rain directly pounding onto a stream, lake or river. Ask yourself a final question would you eat the vegetation or the fish that directly come into contactRead MoreThe Endangered Species Act By President Richard Nixon1461 Words   |  6 Pagesclassifying organisms into specific species. A species is defined as a group of organisms that consist of similar individuals that are competent of exchanging genes through interbreeding. Scientists estimate that there are roughly 6.5 million terrestrial species and 2.2 aquatic species living on planet Earth. The naming of a specific organism becomes crucial when dealing with those who are endanger ed because of the Endangered Species Act. This act allows organisms to obtain special protectionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1204 Words   |  5 PagesMonsters- Destroying What Sustains Us Some think of the ocean as a place of peace, or a getaway from our busy lives. Others think of it as where two worlds, aquatic and terrestrial, collide. No matter what you think of the ocean, it has sustained us for as long as we could possibly remember, and provided us with life. The ocean has provided everything we need to survive, and to repay it, we decided to destroy it. We have become monsters, demolishing what matters to us most. Over the past few decadesRead MoreThe Causes Of Marine Life Extinction2073 Words   |  9 PagesThe Causes of Marine Life Extinction Does anyone realize that more than 90 percent of all organisms that have ever lived on Earth are extinct? According to Avaneesh Pandey, the author of â€Å"Humans Pushing Marine Life toward ‘Major Extinction’†,nearly 10,000 species become extinct each year, and this rate is estimated to be 1,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate (1). Human beingsare causing irreversible damage to the oceans and their wildlife, which is being led bytwo major reasons: commercialRead MoreBiodiversity. Biodiversity Is The Variability Among Living1684 Words   |  7 Pagessources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. This includes diversity within species, between species, and ecosystems. The three main aspects of biodiversity include genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity levels can change over time due to long-term natural processes including habitat loss. The importance of biodiversity is vital to all life on earth, determining extinction, evolution, and the fate of our planet’s ecosystems. Genetic diversityRead More Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Economy1919 Words   |  8 PagesDepleting reserves, high oil prices and spectacular offshore discoveries concentrated a global attention to deep water (National Geographic, p.3). Joel and Bourne (2010) claim â€Å"the Gulf of Mexico now accounts for 30 percent of U.S. production, with half of that coming from deep water (1,000 to 4,999 feet)†. The U.S. government roughly calculated that the deep Gulf might contain 45 billion barrels of oil (NG, p.44). Hence, this fact gave new reasons for oil companies to drill oil wells in that region

Patronage During the Italian Renaissance Free Essays

Introduction: Imagine being an artist in Florence during the 1400-1500’s. The city would be a lively place bursting with numerous aspiring artists. Of the young men learning their trade as best as possible, most will not achieve centuries of notoriety. We will write a custom essay sample on Patronage During the Italian Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ones that do earn the honor of being remembered today all had a common theme; wealthy patrons, including wealthy individuals, guilds and the church. Throughout the Italian Renaissance, the artists who achieved the most success were the artists who acquired the most notable patrons. Probably the most famous of these patrons were the Medici’s and, like other patrons, they were rich and powerful. The power did not always come directly from running the government, but because they had enough financial influence over the people in the Florentine government they indirectly influenced how the area was run. This influence means they had connections with the most important people of their day, important people who would also create commissions for the artists. Powerful families were not only financially secure, but had excess money to spend on expensive items such as bronze sculptures. For the patrons it was all about showing off what they could afford to other wealthy families. Wealthy families influenced the arts because they wanted to show off, it was politically wise, and they actually appreciated the arts. These reasons lead to a profound impact upon the patron-artist relationship and the art produced during the Italian Renaissance period. Patronage To Flaunt The Medici’s were a highly affluent family and they desired to show off their excess wealth. Basically, they wanted to flaunt their wealth. Once the more expensive things in life, such fancy clothes are bought and a fancy party provided for all the friends, what else is there to do with such an excess of money? Becoming a patron of the arts was not always in association with a love of art, but because the people who could afford it wanted to show off their wealth and prestige. One of the very best ways to do this was to purchase extravagant and expensive artwork, because it is long lasting and highly visual. One example of prestige is the tabernacle for the Church of the Annunziara in Florence. It was commissioned by Piero d’Medici and the inscription states that the marble alone costs 4000 florins. (Burke, p 98) Another proof this reason for patronage was so common is the statement, â€Å"the majority of the types of commission just referred to were determined by the taste and outlook of the upper middle class. † (Antal, p134) Many other sources assert the same exact thing. Most commissions were done according to the taste of the upper middle class because they were the people competing with one another to have the most extraordinary art. It is easy to invite people over and show the art to them or conveniently place artworks in public places to feature to clients and coworkers. This is a social practice widely used today and was in no way different during the Italian Renaissance. Political Scheming A wealthy person might support the arts based on politic scheming. If the wealth holder is a patron of the arts, then it shows he respects the talents of other men and is willing to support those other men. To quote Machiavelli, â€Å"A prince ought to show himself a lover of ability, giving employment to able men and honoring those who excel in a particular field. (Burke, p99) For someone with political aspirations, living this type of life would prove to political supporters how aware he or she is of other people’s abilities. And when someone supports those abilities as just a regular member of society, that support will likely increase as the person rises in power and wealth. The Medici’s exemplified this by the amount of art they increasingly commissioned as they increased in wealth and climbed their way to control over Florence. An example of political scheming is Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi. It was commissioned by Guasparre di Zanobi del Lama, to be an alter piece for a chapel in the Santa Maria Novella. Traditionally, paintings of the magi are painted to pay religious homage to Christ, and the Magi who travelled to see him. In this particular version, Botticelli paints likenesses of the Medici into the people including depicting Cosimo de’Medici as the Magi kneeling before Jesus. It is believed that the he painted such a powerful family into the painting because of his patron’s desires. Guasparre del Lama wanted the Medici painted as the prominent characters to show his respect for the powerful family. People rarely show such a public display of adoration for a politically powerful family without having personal, underlying political motives. Ultimately, this man used his influence on the arts as a method of getting attention from the Medici family. (â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magi†Ã¢â‚¬  2010) Positive Patron-Artist Relationships When the artists developed a positive relationship with the patron, it proved highly beneficial for the individual artists. These benefits were primarily financial, including the potential for more work from the same patron. This can be seen many times over, including the example of Raphael with Pope Julius II. If the artist’s work pleased the patron, they would be likely to higher the same artist for more art, which would in turn lead to a stable income for the artist. In order to please the patron, the artist had to follow their specifications. Raphael completed many masterpieces for the Pope, including 3 frescoes in the Vatican. These pieces are proof that in order to please the Pope, Raphael had to incorporate him into the art. One source explained the School of Athens and the Disputa as the earthly and celestial wisdom of Julius II, while the Parnussus shows the beauty of creativity. The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple symbolizes the expulsion of the French and the subjugation of all the church’s enemies, with Julius II depicted witnessing the scene from his portable throne. In the Uffizi gallery in Florence there is a fresco completed by Raphael, showing the Pope as a resigned, pensive old man instead of a victorious Moses springing to his feet, as Michelangelo portrayed him. What the artist wanted in his paintings was irrelevant compared with the need to please the patron and continue acquiring commissions. (Barnett 2007) Not all artist-patron relationships were entirely business oriented. For proof of this more positive impact, it requires a look at Michelangelo and Lorenzo de’Medici. Unlike Raphael and Pope Julius II, Michelangelo’s relationship with Lorenzo Medici was much deeper. They were as close, if not closer than many fathers and sons. Michelangelo lived with the Medici’s for two years as a teenager because Lorenzo saw his talent and invited him to live at the Medici palace and study art while he was there. Lorenzo greatly appreciated his talents and was a constant source of encouragement to the young Michelangelo. There was a tradition in the Medici household, that the most prominent people were allowed to sit down first, and Michelangelo was allowed to sit before Lorenzo’s own son. Michelangelo returned the favor by carving the impressive marble relief, The Battle of the Centaurs for Lorenzo. Because of the bond the two shared, it did not come as a surprise to anyone that he went into a temporary depression upon Lorenzo’s death. Artists developing positive relationships with their patrons that heavily impacted their personal lives as well as their careers were rare for the time, but did occur on occasion and had an extended influence on their entire lives. Networking through Patronage Another major benefit that occurred from pleasing the patron was the networking. When the patron liked an artist, and another wealthy friend wanted to commission a piece of art, they would recommend the artist they liked most. Most often, when the need for an artist was announced, the artists interested would begin pestering the patron. A letter would achieve the pestering if the artist was not currently in the same city. This constant bothering involved the artists convincing their wealthy connections to encourage the patron to select them or reminding the patron of the positives concerning their working relationship. In these cases, the patron would pick the artist based upon their own personal working relationship with the artist. In 1474, news spread in Milan that the Duke wanted a chapel in Pavia to be painted. The duke’s agent is recorded as complaining that all the painters, â€Å"good and bad† were bothering him about becoming the artist for the chapel. (Burke, 101-102) Trouble often arose concerning the contract between the patron and artist over what had to be done, how it was to be done, when it would be done and how much it would cost. One well-known example requires looking at Michelangelo’s experiences with Pope Julius II. The strain between the two was constant and caused many complications. In order to get Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, Julius II had to first convince him to return to Rome. Something Michelangelo did with the assumption that pleasing the Pope would allow him to start working on the tomb again. How they agreed on what exactly was depicted in the Chapel does not have any specific source in the contracts, but most art historians would agree that it was a source of contention initially between the two obstinate men. And as the work progressed, Pope Julius II would show up and create new tension by telling Michelangelo to work faster. Despite the constant struggles, the Sistine Chapel was completed, which is not true for every patron-artist relationship gone south. The relationship between the patron and artist could easily become strained resulting in frustration, unfinished works and a bad experience. But like the Pope, other wealthy families usually still commissioned paintings and sculptures because they enjoyed owning them. Even if working with an artist could be stressful. Artists would in turn continue to complete works commissioned from frustrating patrons because they provided a continuous livelihood. (King, 2003) Other Patronage Topics Another question brought to mind by the Sistine Chapel is whether great art would exist if the patron was not there to fund the art and to push the artist. Not all patrons were quite as pushy as Pope Julius II, but all patrons had some kind of say in how the paintings and sculptures were created. Proof of this is found in the surviving contracts from this time period. Without these contractual agreements and without the constant bothering from the patrons, many artworks would probably never have been completed. Due to the artist getting distracted by other work or simply not being interested in that particular piece anymore. A type of art that has not yet been discussed yet is architecture. Patrons who commissioned buildings were typically guilds or major groups in society, instead of individuals. But these types of patrons also had major influences on the architects. Brunelleschi’s Dome focuses on a major example of how the architects were influential. These guild patrons often helped competitions to decide who got the work instead of just going and picking someone. In the book, Brunelleschi was the main focus, but other people were brought up, such as the people he worked with and competed against. Prestige is the main factor behind competition, and competing against people who are already well known would have been difficult, so for Brunelleschi to compete anyway must have required a high amount of confidence. Especially after the rivalry between Brunelleschi and Ghiberti sparked by the gates of paradise ompetition lead Brunelleschi to focus on architecture instead of goldsmith artwork. Meaning the challenge of capping Santa Maria del Fiore must have appealed to him so greatly; that he did not care whom else he competed against. Its very pleasing that he gets the ultimate victory of the Dome, because that is the main architectural aspect of Florence and the baptistery doors exist in the shadows of his masterpiece. This method of earning a commission fueled rivalries and competition, which added to the competitive nature of art during the Italian Renaissance. This competitive nature in turn created the best work possible from each artist. When recognized for winning a competition, the artist would achieve high levels of fame that could make a career noteworthy. (King, 2000) Conclusion: Those with wealth affect everything because they are the ones with power. Art did not manage to escape that, especially throughout the Italian Renaissance. The motivation for each patron varied from political reasons, to the purpose of personal enjoyment, to the desire of flaunting to others. Sometimes their impacts limited the artists, other times they helped the artist become better skilled and more notable. Either way, the relationship between the patrons and the artists heavily influenced the final artistic product. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. [ 3 ]. Pluribus One Consulting, LLC, â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magi†. † Last modified 2010. Accessed November 16, 2012. ttp://pluribusone. wordpress. com/2010/09 [ 4 ]. Barnett, Peter. iartid, â€Å"Art in History. † Last modified 2007. Accessed November 16, 2012. http://artid. com/members/art_in_history/blog/post/164-famous-patrons-and-their-influence-pope-julius-ii. [ 5 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton Un iversity Press, 1999. [ 6 ]. King, Ross. Michelangelo and the Pope’s Ceiling. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. , 2003 [ 7 ]. King, Ross. Brunelleschi’s Dome. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. 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